Introduction To Data Cleaning And Bias In Analysis Assignment Sample

Introduction: Trends And Insights On Pepsi-Max Dividend Performance (2010-2022

Transition to adulthood is a developmental phase of late adolescence to early adulthood characterised by critical developmental tasks that include gaining employment, finding a home of their own, further education, and starting a family by getting married. Specifically, it is concerned with identifying the nature of the link between these critical development markers and the use of social media in emerging adults. Information technology and particularly social media remains a pinnacle part of the life that affects the way young adults interact with friends and make decisions concerning their lives. Prior studies have explained that social media affects different areas of life experience and human development. In this paper, a regression analysis test is conducted to determine the relationship between social media behaviour and impression about the significance of and progress towards the achievement of these milestones. Also, correlation analysis examines the relationship between the use of social media and different aspects of their lives; a one-sample t-test reviews their subjective well-being. Thus, the results of the present research inform the knowledge about the role of social media in forming the experiences and outcomes of the emerging adults during this significant developmental period.

Method

Participants

In the study, the sample consisted of the emerging adult population that comprised 18 to 29-year-olds from a population database. Recruitment of participants was done online and through the use of social media, as well as emails from the university, where participants were drawn from. Inclusion criteria required participants to be within the specified age range, actively using social media, and experiencing at least one of the following life transitions usually associated with economic self-sufficiency, departure from the parents’ home, obtaining education or getting married (Maier et al. 2020). The participants were selected, yielding a sample of 200 people half owhomch were males and half were females to balance the gender. Another interesting thing was that the participants of the study were rather young; their average age was 23. about 5 years with an average deviation of about 3.1 years. Parents' and children’s identities remained anonymous, and their consent was sought before they took part in the research.

Measures

Subjective Well-Being (SWB):

Participants' subjective well-being was assessed using a set of five self-reported measures: These are again the self-report SWB measures that are frequently used in various studies and include SWB-idea, SWB-excellent, SWB-satisfied, SWB-important, and SWB-changenothing (Hovy & Prabhumoye, 2021). All the measures were on a 7-point Likert scale with 1 being strongly disagree, and the other extremity being strongly agree. 

Emerging Adulthood Milestones:

Four key milestones were identified as dependent and independent variables: Using the variables, imp_financialindependence, imp_nolongerhom, imp_finishededucation, and imp_married, it was identified that the importance of achieving financial independence, leaving the paternal home, completing education and getting married wereː: All the above-mentioned milestones were evaluated with one item on a 7-point Likert scale that is a single ordinal measure.

Procedure

Recruitment to the study was conducted using an online survey tool where participants were invited to take part in the study. After entering the survey, participants were asked to read and sign an informed consent that provided information about the purpose of the study, participants’ voluntary participation, and confidentiality (Akter et al. 2021). Participants then provided consent to complete a set of questionnaires that assessed SWB, social media use, and perceived MIPS of EA.

Data Analysis

One-Sample T-Test:

A one-sample t-test was used to analyse the demographic variables and comparative SWB-ideal, SWB-excellent, SWB-satisfied, SWB-important, and SWB-changenothing scores. The test compared each measure’s mean score with a midpoint of 4 on a 7-point Likert scale in which higher values also indicated neither agreement nor disagreement. 

Correlation Analysis:

The hypothesis on social media use behaviours and the perceived importance of emerging adulthood milestones was tested using Pearson’s correlation analysis. Covariances were determined for the five social media behaviour items with the four mimic variables. 

Regression Analysis:

This made it possible to test the multiple regression equation for the regression of social media behaviours and the importance of achieving financial independence, keeping imp_financialindependence as the dependent variable (Whang et al. 2023). The other three independent variables were the three other milestone measures, namely imp_nolongerhom, imp_finishededucation, and imp_married, while the five items were social media behaviour or it,  namely Social Media-avoiding from drifting, planning friends tonight, friends still in touch, friends until, Reconnecting with people.

Statistical Software:

All statistical analyses were made employing the high-capacity computer using IBM SPSS Statistics. The statistical considerations that concerned each variable were means, standard deviations, as well as frequency tables. The findings of the analyses performed in this study were described narratively in the tables and figures, while the interpretations of the tables and figures were presented in the Results section.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical issues associated with research on human participants were followed strictly in the study. All research procedures in this case followed the guidelines provided by the university’s ethics committee. Subjects were informed on all aspects of the study and their subject rights, including the right to withdraw from the study at any time (Birnbaum et al. 2020). All the participants’ information was masked to ensure they were not identified, and the information analysed was presented in a summary form to conceal the identity of participants.

Limitations

Some limitations should be pointed out as concerns this study, focusing on the link between social media behaviours and emerging adulthood milestones. First, it is necessary to acknowledge that the cross-sectional analysis causes methodological limitations and makes it possible to establish correlations only. Second, this study uses a self-administered questionnaire, and the results may be prone to response bias. 

Results

One-Sample Test Results:

The one-sample test results show that participants exhibit positive subjective well-being across five dimensions:` ideal, excellent, satisfied, important, and change nothing. The mean scores of all the factors are significantly greater than 0 (p < 0.001); the highest satisfaction rating was captured among the SWB-satisfied group (M = 4.83, t = 136.616). The lowest mean is recorded in SWB-changenothing with the values of (M=3.92), meaning that the participants have a moderate desire for change (Donthu et al. 2021). The confidence intervals are, therefore, small, implying that the estimates are accurate. In sum, the obtained results indicate the effective positive well-being of the participants in the study.

Correlation Analysis Results:

The results of the correlation analysis show that there is a moderate positive relationship between financial independence and major life events, including moving out from home (r =0.356) and finishing education (r = 0.332). Marriage also agrees with these milestones, especially with education, by recording (r=0.411) correlation coefficient. Similar actions with Social media relate, but their effect on life events is comparatively low (Chakraborty & Majumde,r, & Menzies, 2021). For example, the frequency of being engaged with SocMed-avoiddrifting is positively interconnected with other social activities, and it makes moderate (r = 0.402 to r = 0.557) connections, while connecting it with the subject’s financial independence turned out to be weak (r = 0.023) and insignificant.

Regression Analysis Results:

In the regulatory analysis, the value obtained is 19.3%. Hence, it can be concluded that all the variables have a positive relationship with the revenue. Thus, according to the model, it takes a 3% share to account for the level of financial independence (R² = .193). These are leaving home (ß = .279) and education (ß = .237), as the two have a positive impact on the level of financial independence (Sarker 2021). Marriage and non-participation in the drifting in social media also have tiny gains. On the other hand, planning activities with friends has a negative influence on financial independence (β = -.057). The normality of residuals is evident, meaning that the model is reliable.

Discussion

One-sample Test

The one-sample statistics table shows the descriptive statistics of five SWB indices, which target different aspects of life satisfaction and importance among emerging adults. From the Table, it can also be observed that mean values for SWB-ideal, SWB-excellent, SWB-satisfied, SWB-important and SWB-changenothing range between 3.92 to 4.83, which is on a 7-point Likert scale of differently. The last one, namely SWB-satisfied, has the highest mean value of (M = 4.83), which implies that the participants are relatively satisfied with their lives. However, the results show a lower mean score for SWB-changenothing (M = 3.92), which specifies the moderate level of desire for change among participants (Ferri & Rueda, 2020). The one-sample t-test table further disaggregates these SWB measures against a test value of 0, which means that the respondents perceive no well-being or importance at all. Notably, the t-values for all five measures are large and significant at the p < 0.001 level – suggesting that the measures’ means are not equal to zero. This means that experiment participants indicate high levels of subjective well-being in all the domains (Garrido et al. 2021). The confidence intervals of 95% prove that the presented point estimates are quite accurate, as they include a rather small range of deviations. The highest t-value is recorded on SWB-satisfied (t = 136.616), which strongly supports the idea of the participants’ relatively high level of satisfaction with life. 

Correlation analysis

This table describes how different types of activities on the Internet and social networks are connected with significant developmental transitions of emerging adults: financial status, living arrangement, education, and partnership (Hassani & Silva, 2023). The importance of the given goals of financial independence (imp_financialindependence) is reasonably positively correlated with their characteristics of leaving the home (imp_nolongerhom) and completing education (imp_finishededucation), with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.356 and 0.332, respectively, s; the correlation is moderate. Implications of the study for research and policy. The results of this study provide evidence that emerging adults’ progression through developmental milestones is intertwined with spirituality, marriage, and education.

Imp_married also assumed a positive correlation with these benchmarks, most especially with the educational level (r = 0.411), suggesting that these transitions are synchronised in the life of emerging adults.

Concerning the analytically measured social media behaviours, different levels of correlation were observed with these milestones. For instance, there was evidence that there was a positive correlation between “SocMed-avoiddrifting” and other social media uses, including using social media to coordinate activities with friends (r = 0.402) and reconnecting with friends & family (r = 0.557). However, its association with such developmental transitions as financial autonomy was very poor and insignificant (r = 0.023). However, a moderate negative correlation was observed between “SocMed-friendsupto” and completing education (r = - 0.062) and Marriage (r = -0.115).

Regression analysis

Based on the regression analysis results, the factors that influence the criteria, namely the probability to achieve financial independence (imp_financialindependence) of the emerging adult, shall be highlighted. In the Model Summary tab,l e it can be observed that the model accounts for 19 per cent of variance. Thus, it has a weak but statistically significant predictive ability for financial independence: b = $3,033, t = 2.92, p < 05, R² =. 193; 3%. The Durbin-Watson statistic (1 965) indicates that the residuals are not significantly autocorrelated, and thus, the model’s accuracy is assured (Sun et al. 2022). The ANOVA table proves that the regression model is statistically significant; F (8, 2054) = 61.324, p < .01, indicating that the independent variables overall CAN better predict the dependent variable or financial independence than a model with no variable included. The Coefficients table shows the contribution of the predictors numbered in the order of the list of independent variables. The biggest predictive factors are leaving home (imp_nolongerhom, β = 279, p < 001) and finishing education (imp_finishededucation, β = 237, p < 001), as participation in financial independence is positive. It could be inferred that avoiding sharing personal information on social media (imp_Pinfo) also positively impacts the variable of interest (β = -. 038, t (961) = -2. 135, p = 0. 032) though lesser compared to the other four variables; married (imp_married) also has a positive influence on the outcome of interest though lesser in impact (β =  049, and β (.051) = On the other hand, planning activity with friends (SocMed-friendsplanstonight) appears to have a negative, although small, effect (β = -.057, p = .018). In the case of SocMed-friendsintouch, which is an overall social media-related behaviour, it was possible to note that they had no contribution to the prediction of the variable. In the Residuals Statistics table, it is evident that the residuals are normally distributed and hence the Mean is equal to 0 while the Standard deviation is nearly equal to 1 as shown.