Advanced Drug Delivery System: Buccal Drug Delivery System Assignment Sample

Buccal Drug Delivery Mechanisms, Formulations, and Models

Chapter 1: Literature Review

1.1 Introduction

Buccal drug delivery systems have been mainly defined as the new type of generation drug delivery systems which are much better than the conventional oral along with parenteral routes. This chapter specifically presents a particular review of the current literature upon Buccal systems of drug delivery which mainly covers the overall features of the system, its advantages and disadvantages,and new developments etc. This paper will specifically review the overall structure and buccal mucosa function, types of forms of buccal dosage, formulation approach and mucoadhesive polymers along with agents that can mainly enhance Buccal permeability. This review will discuss the assessment techniques of buccal drug delivery systems, and also some of the particular drugs that have been administered through this particular system. Recent types of developments and future directions within the field will also be elaborated.

1.2 Empirical Studies

According to Jacob et al. 2021, Buccal mucosal membrane is a pathway for delivery of drugs as well as local therapeutic interventions. This paper focuses on the prospect and the problem of buccal drug delivery systems and the anatomy and physiology of oral cavity. The in vitro method to investigate these systems. Some of the major formulation problems include salivary renovation cycle, masticatory effects and the limited areas of absorption and formulation utilizing mucoadhesive polymers, penetration enhancers and enzyme inhibitors. Mucoadhesive films and patches are flexible, comfortable, lightweight, mechanically strong, and can be designed in various sizes (Jacob et al. 2021). These make them particularly suitable for buccal administration and they are biocompatible. The review also describes the preparation, design and manufacturing of buccal films together with the current and past clinical trials of buccal film formulations for systemic purpose. It also looks at nanocarriers, polymeric or lipid-based, in oral-moist film delivery systems as a way to overcome formulation hurdles. The buccal films made possible by the vaccines that can elicit both the antibody and cell mediated immunity are shown with special promise. Expansion of 3D printing technologies gives them a chance to combine drugs and allocate incompatible ones in the required compartments. Introduction of new functional excipients for permeation enhancement specifically for bigger molecular weight hydrophilic drugs as well as unstable proteins are essential for the progress of the buccal system.

According to Targhotra and Chauhan, 2020, Buccal drug delivery has the potential for the localized administration of systemic drug delivery through internal jugular vein which helps to attain 100 percent bioavailability without first pass hepatic metabolism. This article is centered on buccal medication delivery by presenting the anatomy and setting of the oral mucosa, along with new approaches to buccal drug permeability assessment. This review encompasses several pharmaceutical systems for buccal administration that namely buccal tablets, lozenges, micro or nanoparticles, wafers along with semisolid dosage forms such as chewing gums, patches, soft and hard gel and ointments in addition to the liquid forms such as solutions and sprays. The same type of approaches taken to mainly develop these techniques are also followed regarding recent types of patents filed or recently granted patents along with these are also explained with different types of reference to more recent developments within this area (Targhotra and Chauhan, 2020). The particular review also analyzes different patents where a combination of various strategies has been used to mainly enhance the mucosal delivery. All the available type of information depending on buccal drug delivery systems was gathered and the different sites for patent search were employed. Some of the key conclusions indicating strength and weakness of buccal drug delivery systems have been shown and tries to provide future prospective on this unknown branch of pharmaceutical science. The information provided can be referred to as informative when it comes to the application of buccal delivery systems and their influence on an enhancement of therapeutic effects.

According to Pamlényi et al. 2021, The oral mucoadhesive systems may encompass a tablet, a gel, or a polymer film thus making the drug delivery technique innovative for several pharmaceutical types of firms. These systems present many benefits especially for those patients with dysphagia. This particular work mainly focuses to prepare buccal mucoadhesive polymer films and also to analyze its overall physical and physicochemical type of characteristics. The film-forming type of polymers were sodium alginate or SA, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose or HPMC, and glycerol or GLY was specifically utilized as a plasticizer in the time when cetirizine dihydrochloride is particularly the active pharmaceutical type of ingredient. All the different type of films were specifically established at room temperature utilizing the particular solvent preparation technique. The overall thickness, tensile type of strength, mucoadhesive type properties, free energy of surface. In-vitro FTIR along with spectra of Raman, dissolution profiles films were also determined (Pamlényi et al. 2021). The study showed that GLY decreases the mucoadhesive type of properties of the films though CTZ increases the tensile strength. It was observed that the distribution of CTZ was uniform across the particular type of films and the overall API dissolved significantly from all the formulations. The investigated type of polymer films with one percent along with three percent of GLY that can be mainly recommended for application upon the specific buccal mucosa as a particular system of drug delivery that will provide a promising method of delivering therapeutic type of agents.

1.3 Research GAP

There are some research gaps within the particular development of buccal drug delivery systems to know within the particular consideration of the achievements within this area. One of the particularly well-known types of deficiencies is that the overall stability along with biocompatibility of buccal films have not been definitely clarified when used within the oral cavity for a particularly long time. The overall effects of some types of factors such as salivary flow, enzymatic type activities along with mechanical type of stress from chewing (Pelin and Suflet, 2020). Another work that deserves to be done is to additionally study work on matters such as the overall enhancement of mucoadhesive properties while at the same time incorporating the drug release characteristics. More details about the interaction between the various excipients and the combined type of effect upon the performance of the final film are lacking in literature although there are some works that have looked at some of the aspects such as the effect of plasticizers such as glycerol (Desai et al. 2023). There is a particular requirement for mainly comparative and large scale clinical experiences to specifically establish the safety and effectiveness of these formulations along with patient compliance and acceptability, especially for the drugs that have poor solubility or high molecular weight. In addition, the application of 3D printing techniques in fabrication of quality buccal multi-drug delivery systems has not tapped into this direction (Nagaraju et al. 2020). The general effective and versatile buccal drug delivery platforms could be achieved by filling these overall gaps. These mainly enhance the overall therapeutic efficacy of several diseases.

1.4 Theories and models

In the development along with evaluation of buccal drug delivery type of systems there are some theories and models useful. The diffusion theory is widely used to analyze the way in which the drug is released from the mucoadhesive films, and how it spreads through the polymer matrix and to the mucosal tissues (Hu et al. 2021). The Adhesion Theory of mechanical interlocking along with chemical bonding mainly offers a viable account for the interaction of mucoadhesive type of polymers with the mucosal surface that is very determinant for a good retention of the drug at the place of application.

Higuchi’s model is mainly employed in explaining rates of liberation of drugs from systems of matrix and one of the predictions of this model is that release rate varies with the particular square root of time which is very useful within sustained release buccal formulations (MISHRA and VERMA, 2021). The Peppas-Korsmeyer Model builds on this in the sense that it provides descriptions of other drug release kinetics that do not work on the basis of Fickian diffusion (Anand and Kumar, 2021). The in vitro and in vivo correlation or IVIVC model mainly plays an important role in the assessment of in-vivo performance of buccal delivery systems using within vitro data in the time of formulation development and regulatory filing.

1.5 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

(Source: Self-created in Draw.io)

Conclusion

The study mainly concluded that Buccal drug delivery type of systems mainly show the great type of potential as an alternative to the conventional oral and parenteral delivery systems which specifically enhance the overall bioavailability and come with the added advantage of localized type of drug delivery. There are some different types of problems that must occur, especially regarding the promotion of the mucoadhesive properties, evaluation of the long term stability, and the implementation of the latest trends in practices, such as 3D printing. More efforts are therefore required to enhance the fortunes of buccal delivery systems to offer better therapeutic effects and extend its use to other diseases.

Research Question:

“How can a system of buccal drug delivery be very effective for mainly improving bioavailability, to mainly overcome formulation type of difficulties, along with providing better type of therapeutic benefits through the help of advanced technologies incorporation and materials?”